Old formed endemic species (Lomolino M.V., Riddle B.R., Whittaker R.J. & Brown J.H., 2010. Biogeography. Fourth Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland (Massachusetts), 764 pp. [ISBN 978-0-87893-494-2]).

Endemic species whose “confinement may be due to physical barriers to dispersal, as in the case of many island floras and faunas” (Cox C.B & Moore P.D., 2010. Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach, 8th Edition. Wiley, 520 pp. [ISBN : 978-0-470-63794-4]).

Systematically isolated taxa (Favarger C. & Contandriopoulos J., 1961. Essai sur l'endémisme. Bulletin de la Société Botanique Suisse, 71: 384-408).

Relict species that have become isolated because of the extinction of close relatives.

Parenti L.R. & Ebach M.C., 2009. Comparative Biogeography: Discovering and Classifying Biogeographical Patterns of a Dynamic Earth. University of California Press, Berkeley, XIII + 292 pp. [ISBN 978-0-520-25945-4]

Paleoendemic

December 19, 2016

March 13, 2017